Bài 12: Đại từ quan hệ - The Relative Pronouns

Trong bài học hôm nay bạn sẽ được thầy Trịnh Thanh Toản dạy chi tiết về phần Đại Từ quan hệ - The Relative Pronouns. Sau khi học xong bài đại từ quan hệ bạn sẽ hiểu được cách dùng các đại từ quan hệ who, whom, whose, which, of which, that, with, trong từng trường hợp như thế nào...Chúc các bạn học thật tốt tiếng anh.

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*Definition: (Định nghĩa đại từ quan hệ)

A Relative Pronoun stands for the proceeding noun or pronoun (antecedent) and introduces an adjective clause.

e.g.:

-The man, who is standing over there, is my father.

- The table, which my mother bought yesterday, is beautiful.

1. General rubles:

Antecedent Function	Persons	Things and Animals
Subject (Chủ từ) Object (Túc từ) Possessive (Sở hữu)	WHO WHOM WHOSE	WHICH WHICH WHOSE OF WHICH

II. EXAMPLES:

1. Do you know the man who wrote these poems?

2.

a) My employer, whom I dislike, works in the next room.

(WHOM: object of DISLIKE)

b) Is that the man of whom you have been waiting?

(WHOM: object of FOR)

3. Alex Cook is a man whose opinions I respect.

That is the girl whose father works in the foundry.

4. Swimming, which is a sport, makes people strong.

5.

a) The flowers which you brought are beautiful.

(WHICH: object of BROUGHT)

b) That is the shop in which she works.

(WHICH: object of IN)

6. A tree whose branches (the branches of which/of which the branches) are dead should be cut down.

* It is much better to use a preposition phrase:

A tree with dead branches should be cut down.

*NOTES:

1. WHOM, WHICH and THAT are usually omitted from restrictive (defining) clauses when they are the object of the verb in the clause, or of a preposition that does not stand before them.

- Daddy, this is the man (who/that) I want to marry.

- The flowers (which/that) you brought are beautiful.

- The men (whom/that) we voted for won the election.

2. WHICH may have a whole preceding clause as its antecedent. In the use, WHICH is equivalent to AND THIS/ THAT (+NOUN)

- He invited us to dinner, which (and this/that) was very kind of him.

- They won the medal at last, which (and this/that victory) delighted the school.

3. THE USE OF “THAT”

a) THAT may replace WHO, WHOM and WHICH in restrictive (defining) clauses (in the examples 1 and 5a above).

b) THAT is not used after the comma (,) in non-restrictive (non-defining) clauses or after prepositions.

- Air, which we breathe, is made up of many gases.

- The man to whom you spoke is the manager.

(The man that you spoke to is the manager.)

c) THAT should be used:

* After a mixed antecedent (person + thing or animal)

- I met the people, cattle and vehicles that went to market.

- The dancers and landscapes that he painted were very vivid.

* After Adjectives in the superlative and THE FIRST, THE LAST, THE ONLY, THE VERY……

- He is the kindest doctor that I’ve ever worked with.

- The last words that he spoke were: “Long live Vietnam!”

- John was the only student that didn’t pass the examination.

* After most Indefinite Pronouns: ALL, MUCH, LITTLE, ANY, NONE, NOTHING, ANYTHING, NOBODY, EVERYTHING…

- Have you got all that you need?
- Much that I have ever read is untrue.

- I have never known anyone that is as lovely as our teacher.

- I love everything that she makes for me.

* After the opening IT IS/ WAS…. And the corresponding interrogative form.

- It was John that I was just talking to.

- Is it I that will be sacked by the boss?